The murder of thous We are processing your request. The Venetian government refused to allow the work to be printed there, and it was eventually published in Rome in 1574, and in the same year quickly reprinted in Geneva in the original Italian and a French translation.[70]. Roberts, Yvonne. England v immigration: A millennium of fears condensed The terrified Huguenot nobles in the building initially put up a fight, hoping to save the life of their leader,[23] but Coligny himself seemed unperturbed. 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The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) [42] Other estimates are about 10,000 in total,[43] with about 3,000 in Paris[44] and 7,000 in the provinces. They forced the hand of a hesitant and weak-willed king in the decision of that particular execution. Three of her sons were kings of France . [1] A fellow Huguenot refugee, a banker from Lyon, commissioned the painting to commemorate the event. Nowhere was this system more fully and expertly articulated than by the Republic of Venice in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. [86] This view is also partly supported by Cunningham and Grell (2000) who explained that "militant sermons by priests such as Simon Vigor served to raise the religious and eschatological temperature on the eve of the Massacre". For Le Monde, Youness Bousenna interviews Jrmie Foa, current Member in the School of Historical Studies, about his book on the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre:. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . Neither faith had a monopoly on cruelty and misguided fervour". "Holding a lit de justice, Charles declared that he had ordered the massacre in order to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family. The common people began to hunt Protestants throughout the city, including women and children. At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".[84]. [80] Apart from Anjou, the others were all Italian advisors at the French court. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) Lincoln, chapter 6, pp. Protestant nations were horrified. Civil wars across Europe This was much more than a war against the policies of the crown, as in the first three civil wars; it was a campaign against the very existence of the Gallican monarchy itself". Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. 2. Elizabeth I of England's ambassador to France at that time, Sir . He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. HISTORY QUESTION Based on the excerpt from Giovanni - Chegg [76] The question of whether the massacre had long been premeditated was not entirely settled until the late 19th century by which time a consensus was reached that it was not.[77][78][79]. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . 7879; Calvin's book was "Praelectiones in librum prophetiarum Danielis", Geneva and, Garrisson, pp. or for his suggestion that there was a direct connection between these ill-gotten gains and the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day. [48], Among the slain were the philosopher Petrus Ramus, and in Lyon the composer Claude Goudimel. Impact California Social Studies World History, Culture, and Geography The Modern World [21] Other historians are reluctant to speculate on the composition or size of the group of leaders targeted at this point, beyond the few obvious heads. According to Denis Crouzet, Charles IX feared a Protestant uprising, and chose to strangle it at birth to protect his power. [62], Diplomatic correspondence was readier than published polemics to recognise the unplanned and chaotic nature of the events,[63] which also emerged from several accounts in memoirs published over the following years by witnesses to the events at court, including the famous Memoirs of Margaret of Valois, the only eye-witness account of the massacre from a member of the royal family. Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre From The Religious Peace of Augsburg Reform in the Catholic World History 104 / January 16, 2013 I. He was shot from an upstairs window, and seriously wounded. However, in a more recent work than his history of the period, Holt concludes: "The ringleaders of the conspiracy appear to have been a group of four men: Henry, duke of Anjou; Chancellor Birague; the duke of Nevers, and the comte de Retz" (Gondi). PDF The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - REFORMATION The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations Franois, Duke of Montmorency and governor of Paris, was unable to control the disturbances in the city. 31. Another novel depicting this massacre is Queen Jezebel, by Jean Plaidy (1953). [25] Recent research by Jrmie Foa, investigating the prosopography suggests that the massacres were carried by a group of militants who had already made out lists of Protestants deserving extermination, and the mass of the population, whether approving or disapproving, were not directly involved.[26]. The murder of thous We are processing your request. The Pre-Raphaelite painter John Everett Millais managed to create a sentimental moment in the massacre in his painting A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day (1852), which depicts a Catholic woman attempting to convince her Huguenot lover to wear the white scarf badge of the Catholics and protect himself. The dates are in Garrison, p. 139, who adds, Holt (2005 ed. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX,[2] the massacre started a few days after the marriage on 18 August of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant King Henry III of Navarre. Summary: A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. The assortment of material allows you to . He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled The Massacre at Paris. Louis governed the Principality of Orange around Avignon in southern France for his brother William the Silent, who was leading the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish. Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny, a Huguenot leader, supported a war in the Low Countries against Spain as a means to prevent a resumption of civil war, a plan that the French king, Charles IX, was coming to approve in the summer of 1572. "The massacre was interpreted as an act of divine retribution; Coligny was considered a threat to Christendom and thus Pope Gregory XIII designated 11 September 1572 as a joint commemoration of the Battle of Lepanto and the massacre of the Huguenots. The mob had torn down his house and erected a large wooden cross on a stone base. [72] In fact there is little trace of Machiavelli in French writings before the massacre, and not very much after, until Gentillet's own book, but this concept was seized upon by many contemporaries, and played a crucial part in setting the long-lasting popular concept of Machiavellianism. [64][65] There are also a dramatic and influential account by Henry, duke of Anjou that was not recognised as fake until the 19th century. To cement the peace between the two religious parties, Catherine planned to marry her daughter Margaret to the Protestant Henry of Navarre (the future King Henry IV), son of the Huguenot leader Queen Jeanne d'Albret. Modern historians are still divided over the responsibility of the royal family: The traditional interpretation makes Catherine de' Medici and her Catholic advisers the principal culprits in the execution of the principal military leaders. Earlier Huguenot rage at Nimes (in 1567) led to the massacre of twenty-four Catholics, mostly priests and prominent laymen, at the hands of their Protestant neighbours. [81][pageneeded], According to Jean-Louis Bourgeon, the violently anti-Huguenot city of Paris was really responsible. Lasting several weeks in all, the massacre expanded outward to the countryside and other urban centres. To placate the angry Huguenots, the government agreed to investigate the assassination attempt. Saint Bartholomew's Day | Catholic Answers Leonard Sachs appeared as Admiral Coligny and Joan Young played Catherine de' Medici. 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. Ken Follett's 2017 historical fiction novel A Column of Fire uses this event. It was in this context that the massacre came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his Discours contre Machievel in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years. Component procedures may authorize DoD Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Ordering Officers to make purchases up to the simplified acquisition threshold in which three of the following cases? In the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, on Sunday, 24, at noon, a hawthorn bush, that had withered for months, began to green again near an image of the Virgin. D. Priests in the countryside Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. The would-be assassin, most likely Charles de Louviers, Lord of Maurevert[17](c. 15051583), escaped in the ensuing confusion. Beside this, the rivalries between the leading families re-emerged. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Franois Dubois. Essay Questions:Bartholomew's Day Massacre? Essay Question, Category A Giovanni Michiel, "A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre," Perspectives From the Past, pp 484-486.1) After reading Michiel's account, who do you think who is responsible for the St. However, when Charles IX and his mother learned of the involvement of the duke of Anjou, and being so dependent on his support, they issued a second royal declaration, which while asking for an end to the massacres, credited the initiative with the desire of Charles IX to prevent a Protestant plot. 5 In 1546 the Venetian ambassador, Mariano Cavalli, estimated the . 41, Treaty between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III of Hatti 47, The Victory Stele of Merneptah (c. 1210 B.C.E.) Ordinary lay Catholics were involved in the mass killings; they believed they were executing the wishes of the king and of God. [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. ", This page was last edited on 23 April 2023, at 14:41. The first round, Germany : Lutherans vs. Catholics Koenigsberger (who until his retirement in 1984 was Professor of History at King's College, University of London) wrote that the Massacre was deeply disturbing because "it was Christians massacring other Christians who were not foreign enemies but their neighbours with which they and their forebears had lived in a Christian community, and under the same ruler, for a thousand years". To which is added, the Description of a New Blazing World 567, Ren Descartes From Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy 575, Isaac Newton From Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 579, Illustration from Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (1705) 581, John Locke From An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 583, A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value, James Brophy is the Francis H. Squire Professor of History specializing in modern European history at the University of Delaware. [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. The massacre killed more than 10,000 people over a period of two months in the fall of 1572. Ostara publications. 1. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Macmillan Learning The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - BFW Pub To explain the massacre, Charles, assuming responsibility for it, claimed that there had been a Huguenot plot against the crown. Political Responses . For the, Attempted assassination of Admiral de Coligny, Holt (2005), pp. Painting of the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris / Franois Dubois -- 20. Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. Take notes, add highlights, and download our mobile-friendly e-books. It was not accepted by traditionalist Catholics or by the Pope. [12], Nevertheless, it was only in the aftermath of the massacre that anti-monarchical ideas found widespread support from Huguenots, among the "Monarchomachs" and others. Venetian Report On The ST Barts Massacre | PDF - Scribd Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser, Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations / Edition 7 available in [55] On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". [71] Gentillet held, quite wrongly according to Sydney Anglo, that Machiavelli's "books [were] held most dear and precious by our Italian and Italionized courtiers" (in the words of his first English translation), and so (in Anglo's paraphrase) "at the root of France's present degradation, which has culminated not only in the St Bartholemew massacre but the glee of its perverted admirers". 2. Bloody Mary on the throne (1553-1558) Read online (or offline) with all the highlighting and notetaking tools you need to be successful in this course. The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day was the culmination of a series of events: The Peace of Saint-Germain put an end to three years of civil war between Catholics and Protestants. Shortly after this decision, the municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. 9395 for a different emphasis. According to Thierry Wanegffelen, the member of the royal family with the most responsibility in this affair is Henry, Duke of Anjou, the king's ambitious younger brother. That evening, Catherine held a meeting at the Tuileries Palace with her Italian advisers, including Albert de Gondi, Comte de Retz. Donnelly is confirmed as US ambassador to the Vatican These Italians stood to benefit from the occasion by eliminating the Huguenot danger. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. [96], One historian puts forward an analysis of the massacre in terms of social anthropology the religious historian Bruce Lincoln. Donnelly, 66, served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2007 to 2013, representing Indiana's 2nd Congressional District, and was a U.S. senator from 2013 to 2019. Diefendorf, Barbara B.. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief Henry of Guise then planned an attack on all protestants. "Jean-Antoine de Baf and the Saint-Barthlemy", Anglo, 229; See also: Butterfield, H. "Acton and the Massacre of St Bartholomew,", The first occurrence of the royal injunction is found late in, Anglo, p. 283, see also the whole chapter. [88] In the previous ten years there had already been three outbreaks of civil war, and attempts by Protestant nobles to seize power in France.

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