As large-scale afforestation of the former Aral seabed is planned to continue through 2030, as stipulated by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of UzbekistanFootnote 2, there is at the very least a need for planning and monitoring, as well as selection of native species to ensure afforestation success. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. . Researchers have estimated that there are between 3 and 30 million species on Earth, with a few studies predicting that there may be more than 100 million species on Earth. UNEP (2022) Draft resolution on nature-based solutions forsupporting sustainable development. o innate immune system https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.2009232. Sudochye-Akpetki state wildlife sanctuaryFootnote 6 total area: 2805.07km2, year of designation: 2021. The language used for the non-systematic literature review was English only (as the Russian language does not distinguish and define NbS specifically). Rangelands in the Aral Sea basin represent not just significant economic and environmental value to local stakeholders, but also cultural values (Shaumarov, et al., 2012). Types and benefits of nature-based solutions identifiedboth for dryland ecosystems in general, and for the Aral Sea region specificallywere compiled into Table 1 based on the functions they perform in improving ecosystem service provision, and/or providing benefits for humans and increasing well-being. For example, the grass in pastures feeds cattle. The potential for rangelands to provide a basis for NbSgiven that they are one of the major potential carbon sinks in dryland areas such as the Aral Sea basinrequires detailed further research. For instance, some diseases kill only one kind of tree. UNCCD, Bonn, Germany, First ed. Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species on Earth, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. Drylands cover over 45% of the global terrestrial area, and are home to nearly one-third of the global human population, 90% of which reside in developing countries (UNCCD, 2017), (IUCN, 2017), (Prvlie, 2016). The Birds Head Seascape in Indonesia is home to more than 1,200 species of fish and 600 species ofcoral. An additional, specific focus of this review is to gather evidence for the feasibility of implementation of NbS and their potential in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan, which is an exemplary dryland ecosystem. The climate and the plants in a biome determine what animals live there. Afforestation measures are discussed as a cost-effective nature-based solution for combatting desertification, adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts through increased carbon sequestration potential (Seddon, et al., 2020) and halting biodiversity loss, as well as improving livelihood opportunities of the local communities (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022), (Di Sacco, et al., 2021), (Djoudi, Brockhaus, & Locatelli, 2013). However, only around 1.2 million species have been identified and described so far, most of which are insects. Desertification of rangelands in the study area has been ongoing due to the misuse of resources (mainly overgrazing), oil and gas exploration, climatic factors (reduced precipitation and droughts), overharvesting of fuel wood, unsustainable agricultural activities (Jiang, Jiapaer, Bao, Guo, & Ndayisaba, 2017), (Toderich, et al., 2013a), (Shaumarov, et al., 2012). The research, published in the journal Ecological Applications, and the related maps were a partnership between NatureServe and its network of state partners, the geographic mapping platform Esri, and the Nature Conservancy. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0755(199911/12)9:6<517::AID-AQC383>3.0.CO;2-C, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-018-0073-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102635, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Toderich et al. Alongside multiple obvious benefits of NbS, the literature states also a number of challenges associated with their understanding, implementation, effectiveness, stakeholder participation (Nelson, Bledsoe, Ferreira, & Nibbelink, 2020), lack of standards for their evaluation (Kumar, et al., 2021), (Fernandes & Guiomar, 2018). Tropical forests are widely considered to have the greatest species diversity of the terrestrial biomes but diversity is also high in the temperate deciduous biome and Low species diversity : The tundra biome has the least biodiversity, but the northern coniferous biome also has low species diversity. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1KM.en, Marden B, Van Stappen G, Musaev A, Mirabdullayev I, Joldasova I, Sorgeloos P (2012) Assessment of the production potential of an emerging Artemia population in the Aral Sea, Uzbekistan. Every time a species goes extinct or genetic diversity is lost, we will never know whether research would have given us a new vaccine or drug. Int J Appl Earth Observ Geoinform 105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102635, Zhang L, Sun P, Huettmann F, Liu S (2022) Where should China practice forestry in a warming world? That includes 29 percent of all amphibians, 21 percent of all mammals, and 12 percent of all birds. Some of these genes are the same for all individuals within a speciestheyre what make a daisy a daisy and a dog a dog. Sweeney et al. But every year, thousands of species goextinct, or die out entirely, before scientists can determine whether they might be useful in medicines.Decreasing BiodiversityIn the past hundred years, biodiversity around the world has decreased dramatically. Where Is The World's Greatest Biodiversity? Smithsonian Scientists Find Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-SIBO.en, Parra G, Guerrero F, Armengol J, Brendonck L, Brucet S, Finlayson CM, Zohary T (2021) The future of temporary wetlands in drylands under global change. Adapted from (IUCN, 2020). When people introduce species from one part of the world to another, they often have no naturalpredators. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15310, Cohen-Shacham E, Andrade A, Dalton J, Dudley N, Jones M, Kumar C, Walters G (2019) Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions. It enjoys a high level of biodiversity. The . This Map Shows Where Biodiversity Is Most at Risk in America Genetic biodiversity is the variation in genes that exists within a species. However, to date there has been no focused and systematic review of the application of NbS in drylands, despite their importance. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4065, Yushanjiang A, Zhang F, Leong Tan M (2021) Spatial-temporal characteristics of ecosystem health in Central Asia. o antigenic immune system x Publications that did not include nature-based solutions as a specific term, but included the term ecosystem-based approaches were still considered based on the content and relevance to the subject area and the geographic focus. Lack of monitoring is another issue determining the success of afforestation in the Aral Sea region. In the marine protected area around AustraliasGreat Barrier Reef, no-fishing zones have helped fish populationsthrive. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 375:20190120. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0120. Along with a newly formed desert ecosystem, the desiccation has brought about a number of environmental, social and economic challenges to the region, impacting millions of people residing in the Aral Sea basin (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000). These threats have caused an unprecedented rise in the rate of species extinction. J Environ Plan Manage 59:142162. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5684-7_38. Ecosystems that host the most biodiversity tend to have ideal environmental conditions for plant growth, like the warm and wet climate of tropical regions. The Texas Hill Country region southwest of Austin, growing fast and with little protected land, is one example. Some include a much larger number of species. Ecosystems include deserts, grasslands, and rainforests. Over the history of the planet, most of the species that ever existed evolved and then gradually went extinct. Evidence is growing that insects are in decline, but each of us can take steps to help. The desiccation and subsequent almost complete loss of the Aral Sea, once the worlds fourth largest inland water body (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000), having had far-reaching social, economic and ecological implications in all countries of Central Asia aggravated the situation even more. Considering that climate change in the Aral Sea region is increasingly acute, the newly afforested areas need to be monitored for survivability in the absence of management (for instance, impact of water shortage, possible illegal logging, temperature fluctuations and so on) in the coming decades. Biomes are characterized by their climate, which determines the particular plants found there. We have this tremendous biodiversity, but we also have these major stressors, including that we built ourselves into the fifth-largest economy in the world with 40 million people, said Wade Crowfoot, Californias natural resources secretary. Glob Change Biol 27:33953414. Deforestation is a major threat . Sustain Dev Goals. Plants, fungi, and animals such as worms keep soilfertileand water clean. The fields, forests, andwetlands where wild plants and animals live are disappearing. An exosystem is the system of ecological interaction of different environments and can be on land and in water. (2022, April 20). The final list was formed based on the recently formalized definition of nature-based solutions by the IUCN neglecting small-scale interventions, which in some cases the authors considered to represent NbS. The formal conceptualization defines NbS as actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits (IUCN, 2016). Considering that the main soil types in the exposed seabed are solonchaks (with high concentration of soluble salts) and takyrs (heavy-textured soils under arid conditions)Footnote 10, that have low organic carbon content (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020), monitoring of afforested lands is critical to better examine the impact of tree plantations on soils (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020). If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Identifying and understanding the relationships between all the life on Earth are some of the greatest challenges in science. The continent of Africa is home to tropical rainforests,alpinemountains, and dry deserts. California committed to 30x30 even before the federal government did. Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Uzbekistan. Officials may not know where they are. Plants, for instance, help humans by giving off oxygen. Biodiversity is the variety of life. Aquat Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst 9:517522. As reported by Schlter, et al. There were a few publications that mentioned the Aral Sea basin and Central Asia in the literature without country-specific information or a case study. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2019.1705401, Anonymous (2022) Personal communication. https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-Uzbekistan.pdf?1647505458, The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. In essence, its the variety of ways that species interact with each other and their environment. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1311-40, Khamzina A, Lamers JP, Worbes M, Botman E, Vlek PL (2006) Assessing the potential of trees for afforestation of degraded landscapes in the Aral Sea Basin of Uzbekistan. The only species that currently survives in what is known as the southern Aral Sea in Uzbekistan is brine shrimp (Artemia). Tropical rainforest biomes (article) | Khan Academy o antigenic immune system Hence, nature-based solutions can be more broadly categorized as managed interventions to restore the environment or ecosystems specifically, by eventually having a positive impact on the local communities. Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Uzbekistan.

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