& (2003) Yeyi Clicks: Acoustic Description and Analysis. (1978) Experimental Study of Implosive and Voiced Egressive Stops in Shona: An Interim Report. Mhlig, W. J. G. (1995) Language Contact and Language Change: The Case for chiTumbuka in Northern Malawi. , Renaud, P. O. 123). A. Table 3.2 Downing, L. J. , In the case of Kalanga S16, the mid vowels /e o/ are relatively close to the high vowels /i u/ and far from /a/. Brenzinger, M. Rialland Fonetik 2012, 15th Swedish Phonetics Conference, May 30June 1, University of Gothenburg, 7376. (2006) On the Status of Voiced Stops in Tswana: Against *ND. Ondo . & & (1991) Articulatory Phonology and Sukuma aspirated nasals. In Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Lindemann Redford, M. A. Rwanda JD61 contrasts long and short vowels yet also has vowel lengthening before NC as well as after a consonant-glide sequence (Myers 2005). (1945) A Preliminary Study of the Lexicological Influence of the Nguni Languages on Southern Sotho. D. Because the insert does not cover the soft palate, this closure cannot be observed on the EPG record at this time. & also illustrates the fact that depression is not necessarily associated with voicing as both /h/ and /h/ are voiceless (Downing & Gick 2001, Downing 2009). (2000) A Course in Phonetics, 4th edition. Zvegintsev, V. (2001) Whispery Voiced Nasal Stops in Rwanda. London: University College, University of London, PhD dissertation. 35: 5684. 13: 3972. Hyman (2010) Tongue Body and Tongue Root Shape Differences in Nuu Clicks Correlate with Phonotactic Patterns. Figure 3.22 Delvaux (eds. Though cross-linguistically rare, clicks are used by millions of people speaking various Bantu languages. In Sukuma F21, the nasal portion of the voiceless nasals is often at least partly voiced or breathy voiced, as described in Maddieson (1991), whereas the parallel segments in Rwanda JD61 are fully voiced (except after voiceless fricatives), but produced with a modified kind of voicing described by Demolin and Delvaux (2001) as whispery-voice. N. C. Wright, R. van Schaik. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 195222. The Xhosa S41 voiced clicks are breathy or slack voiced (Jessen & Roux 2002) and may even be devoiced (Maphalala et al. The palatal click type may be found as a variant of // used in child-directed speech in Zulu and Xhosa (Bradfield 2014: 27). Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. Except in post-nasal environments and sometimes before his reconstructed super-high vowels, the reconstructed voiced plosives most commonly correspond to voiced continuants of one type or another or to implosives in the modern languages. The book discusses the phonetic and morphological characteristics of these 2 zones and a classification of the groups, clusters and dialects is provided. Palatogram of [ana] spoken by a Soga JE16 speaker. Miscellanea Phonetica Yehia, H. C. Africana Linguistica Figure 3.29 Anecdotally, it seems that clicks in other Bantu languages may also vary in amplitude, depending on the individual speaker, stylistic or sociphonetic variables, and prosodic environment. De Blois 1970: 155). (2008) Bantu Spirantization: Morphologization, Lexicalization and Historical Classification. Barbosa Yao P21 has a long/short contrast and significant compensatory lengthening so that vowels before prenasalised stops are as long as underlying long vowels and have more than double the duration of short vowels. (1995) Issues in the Phonology and Orthography of Chopi (ciCopi S 61). Verhoeven Figure 3.8 A. Plauch Myers, S. . & Monaka, K. C. In The waveform of an intervocalic bilabial implosive in Tonga S62 is shown in (1891) Introductory Grammar of the Ngoni (Zulu) Language, as Spoken in Momberas Country. Carleton (1996) demonstrated that units of paragraph length are organised by long-range patterns of tonal declination and resetting. . , A vertical white dotted line has been added to facilitate comparison between the two images. A closure in the vocal tract is formed by the back of the tongue contacting the roof of the mouth in the velar or uvular area and a second closure is formed in front of the location of this closure by the tip or blade of the tongue or the lips, as shown at timestep 1. However, breathiness is not an invariable accompaniment of depression as had been proposed by Rycroft (1980). San Diego: Academic Press. Source: Recording made by Peter Ladefoged in 1979 and archived at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive (. Hubbard, K. van der Hulst, H. G. In each case the putatively [ATR] vowel has a substantially higher first formant (hence a lower position on the chart) than its harmonic counterpart. The Bantu Languages Print publication date: February 2019 Online publication date: January 2019 Print ISBN: 9781138799677 eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe ISBN: 10.4324/9781315755946-3 Download Chapter Abstract Chapter 3 is about the sounds of Bantu languages. ), Prosodic Categories: Production, Perception and Comprehension, 243265. & 2: 6697. It is possible that phonetic studies of other South-West Bantu click languages will reveal additional click accompaniments. Montlahuc Fricated vowels occur in Kom and Oku, two Grassfields Bantu languages of the central Ring group (Faytak 2014, Faytak & Merrill 2014), as well as in several Bantoid languages of the northern Cameroon Grassfields (Faytak 2015). Medjo Mv, P. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Liljencrants, J. Sitoe, B. (1995) On the Perception and Production of Tone in Xhosa. (2014) Clicks, Concurrency and Khoisan. , / all represent a voiced nasal (post)alveolar click. Spectrogram of Kwasio A81 /ko/ [k] avarice spoken by a male speaker. Cleveland: Central Mission Press. (2009) On Pitch Lowering Not Linked to Voicing: Nguni and Shona Group Depressors. These data suggest that transcription of this vowel set as [i e a o u], as in , and attributable to the fact that F1 and F2 frequencies co-vary in these vowels. The Bantu languages are polysyllabic, employ class prefixes, use tone for grammati- cal rather than semantic distinctions, place the genitive after the governing noun, etc. Spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /k/ to suck. See text for discussion of the phonetic segmentation. M. C. In the rest of this section, three of the particular issues of phonetic interest are discussed: the dental/alveolar place contrast, the possible occurrence of articulatorily complex consonants, and the nature of the so-called whistling fricatives. Longer sections of the chapter will be devoted to aspects of laryngeal action in consonants, to the description of clicks and their distribution in Bantu, and to some of the interesting aspects of nasality which occur in these languages. That Zulu dental clicks are produced with a controlled fricated release is also clear from the way the front release initially involves formation of a narrow channel, clearly visible in frame 150. (1988) Speaker Variation and Phonation Type in Tsonga. T. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. These people spoke Western Bantu languages and shared a Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 6d. 2017). While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African linguistic situation. Bastin, Y. Olson, K. . (1995) Spirantization and the 7-to-5 Vowel Merger in Bantu. In Figure 3.31 & Philippson Nine-vowel languages in the Mbam group, such as Mmala A62B and Baca A621, have a contrast between /e/ and // not found in the eight-vowel systems. Pakendorf, B. & Waveform of the middle part of the Tonga S62 word // father, illustrating the increasing amplitude of voicing during the implosive. 2007, Miller et al. (2011) Bantu Tone. Linguistique africaine (2009) Preliminary Impressions from the Sociolinguistic Survey of the Jar Dialects. Map. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. The closures overlap for 100 ms, until frame 140. In South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies & ), Rhotics: New Data and Perspectives, 173190. Final High or rising intonations are found in Ganda JE15, Chewa N31b and Saghala E74b, while final High-Low or High-falling intonations are found in Jita JE25. (1985) On aspiration in Swahili: Hypotheses, Field Observations and an Instrumental Analysis. The (post: 303) alveolar // clicks in Zulu S42 (Thomas-Vilakati 2010) and Xhosa S41 (Doke 1926: 303) are retracted in comparison to pulmonic alveolar consonants such as /t/ and /s/. In Poulos, G. Traill, A. a/. This may have two principal effects. Hombert T. & , Riallands (2007) survey includes seven different prosodic types found in Bantu languages, the most common being the use of register expansion along with the reduction of downdrift. Figure 3.30 & Elmslie, W. A. 2016). & Lee-Kim, S.-I. (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. The majority of Bantu languages with some notable exceptions, particularly in the North-West have simple-looking systems of five or seven vowels in which the expected relationships between the features of vowel height, backness and rounding hold. & The distances along the axes are scaled to reflect auditory/perceptual intervals; F2 is plotted using a logarithmic scale. Prinsloo, D. J. Note that the tongue tip is on the right and the tongue root on the left, the reverse of the images in Figure 3.6. Final lowering is fairly common across Bantu, but is not attested in Basaa A43a (Downing & Rialland 2016b). 31: 179198. Pretoria: van Schaik. (eds. C. Sands, B. Traill, A. N. M. The first frame, numbered 0, is close to the time that velar closure is first made, as detected from the accompanying acoustic record. & Special mention may be made of Carl Meinhofs work in the 1890s, in which he sought to reconstruct what he called ur-Bantu (the words underlying contemporary Bantu forms), and the descriptive work carried out by Clement Doke and the Department of Bantu Studies at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, in the period 192353. Collins , There are very few studies of this type available so far for Bantu languages, but one data set is shown in (2001) The two vs of Giryama. Next, the closure at the front and/or side of the mouth is released (timestep 4) and the abrupt equalisation of air pressures inside and outside the mouth results in a sharp acoustic transient. (2015) High Vowel Fricativization as an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields. Comparison of selected vowel and consonants lengths in Ganda JE15 and Sukuma F21 (see text for explanation). Bostoen, K. (1987) on depressor consonants in Zulu S42. Jouannet, F. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences The mechanism of producing clicks is now fairly well understood and is illustrated by the sequence of midsagittal real-time MRI in M. , is appropriate rather than the [i e a o u] preferred by Maganga and Schadeberg (1992). Laine & The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum constriction. South-West and South-East Bantu languages with clicks. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan System. Downing, L. J. L. M. shows, the shift from sealed to open occurs rapidly and completely, here between the two frames numbered 170 and 180. & R. A. As these show, the first segment is released before the closure for the second is formed. (1990) The Role of Contrast in Limiting Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Different Languages. Fuchs, S. Vossen, R. 83: 918. Shosted, R. K. Figure 3.5 Gunnink, H. In M. Figure 3.7 (eds. Each zone . Tonga M64 has long vowels but does not show any compensatory lengthening before NC. 1987). 2016) and Fwe K402 (Gunnink 2016). Figure 3.32 Martin However, internal developments and external influences create considerable diversity in consonantal and vocalic patterns. Spiss, C. De Blois, K. F. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Maphalala, Z. and Guma, S. M. N. Peter S. Schadeberg Using data from these sources, , Heerbaart A. C. J. A. Y. 2015). Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers. (ed. Moshi Clem In ), Handbook of Speech Production, 477504. 1989, Pongweni 1990). At vowel onset, the F0 difference between High and Low tones after a set of non-depressor consonants is 22 Hz, but a High tone onset after depressor consonants is 44 Hz lower than after the non-depressors and a Low after depressors is 23 Hz lower than after non-depressors. (1998) Phonetic Assessment of Tone Spreading. , Holtzhausen Journal of African Languages and Linguistics & Recordings made by the first author of two other female speakers of Kalanga S16, one from Francistown in Botswana and one from Zimbabwe, did not replicate the pattern suggested by Mathangwane. (2006) Just Put Your Lips Together and Blow? Zerbian, S. Gieseke, S. . & 133(2): 10431054. Each point represents the average of at least 28 tokens of the vowel in penultimate position in a word list spoken by a female speaker. Miller, A. & , Figure 3.4 Although its true that many languages within the Bantu group are phonetically quite similar to each other, there is considerably more diversity in their phonetic patterns than is often believed.

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